Most require worker action to change desk positions. The intention of the desks is to disrupt prolonged periods of sitting and standing time. Sit-stand desks have been used to reduce occupational sedentary behavior and improve BMI and productivity ( Dutta, Koepp, Stovitz, Levine, & Pereira, 2014 Wendel, Benden, Zhao, & Jeffrey, 2016 Garrett et al., 2016). Therefore, if sitting time can be reduced, bones could have a better sense of body weight and can signal reduced appetite and diet intakes that would result in weight loss. During prolonged sitting time, most body weight is supported by seat cushions, which leaves bones unaware of how much weight is being taken on by the bones ( Jansson et al., 2018). The body’s “gravitostat” is the bones’ sensor that can be triggered by body weight bearing down on bones. It has been theorized, in rodent models, that bones sense changes in body mass and as a result, can alter appetite and diet intake to return the body to its previous weight ( Jansson et al., 2018). Thus, increasing postural transitioning may be an important interventional target for overweight or obese individuals who should be increasing their EE. Additionally, the EE increases for a postural transition as the weight increases ( Hatamoto, Yamada, Higaki, & Tanaka, 2016). The EE for a postural transition (sit-to-stand or stand-to-sit) is 35% and 28% higher than that of sitting and standing, respectively ( Júdice, Hamilton, Sardinha, Zderic, & Silva, 2016). Frequently interrupting prolonged sitting can reduce metabolic risk independent of moderate/vigorous physical activity levels and can improve postprandial glucose metabolism, triglyceride levels, BMI, and waist circumference ( Bergouignan et al., 2016 Hamilton, Healy, Dunstan, Zderic, & Owen, 2008 Honda et al., 2016). Prolonged bouts of sitting time (> 20–30 min) are associated with higher levels of fasting insulin and increased risk of type-2 diabetes and are positively correlated with waist circumference and the prevalence of obesity ( Gupta et al., 2016 Healy, Matthews, Dunstan, Winkler, & Owen, 2011 Healy et al., 2008). Ergonomic improvements and physical activity at work can prevent neck disorders and reduce the incidence of low back pain ( European Agency for Safety and Health at Work, 2005). The lack of physical activity at work is an ergonomic and emerging risk. They also spend increased time in a seated or reclined position at work, known as sedentary behavior (≤ 1.5 METs McCrady & Levine, 2009 World Health Organization, 2010). Although recommendations only exist for moderate to vigorous activity (150 min per week), adults are not meeting these recommendations. Physical inactivity can lead to an increased risk of obesity, and levels are classified by the following MET (metabolic equivalent) activity intensity: light ( 6 METs Blair & Brodney, 1999 Pate et al., 1995). Obesity occurs when energy intake is exceeded by energy expenditure (EE Levine et al., 2005).
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